A Bicycle Z is a car
B Bicycle Z might be a car
C Bicycle Z is not a car
D All wheeled things are cars
Explanation: While cars have wheels, bicycles are not cars. Having wheels is not sufficient for being a car.
A Education reduces poverty
B We should invest in schools
C Poverty is bad
D Schools provide education
Explanation: The recommendation to invest in schools is the conclusion supported by the premise.
A Some D are C
B No D are C
C Some A are C
D All D are C
Explanation: Since no B are C and some A are D where all A are B, no D that are A can be C.
A P is definitely true
B P is definitely false
C P may be true or false
D P is unknown but likely true
Explanation: S being true doesn\'t prove P is true. The chain could have been triggered by other causes.
A Social media harms mental health
B Minors are vulnerable
C Banning is effective
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions: harm exists, minors are affected, and bans work.
A A
B B
C C
D Cannot be determined
Explanation: A=B in height, C>A, so C is taller than both A and B, making C tallest.
A Some Z are Y
B No Z are W
C All X are W
D Some V are not Y
Explanation: If (1) All X are Y and (2) Some Z are X, then by syllogism, some Z are Y.
A People spend more when they have more money
B Some people save tax cuts instead of spending
C Economic stimulation is good
D Tax cuts reduce government revenue
Explanation: If people save rather than spend tax cuts, the economic stimulation effect is weakened.
A Q is true
B Contradiction
C P is false
D R is false
Explanation: P→Q means Q is true. R→¬Q means Q is false. Both P and R true creates a contradiction.
A All students studied
B Some students studied
C No students failed
D Both B and C
Explanation: Since some passed and all who passed studied, some studied. And since no one who studied failed, some didn\'t fail.
A Remote work makes employees happier
B Happier employees are more productive
C Productivity can be measured
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the causal chain to hold.
A D implies A
B A implies D
C C implies A
D B implies D
Explanation: By transitivity, A→B→C→D means A implies D.
A Some D are C
B No D are C
C All D are C
D Some C are D
Explanation: No A are B and all B are C means no A are C. Since some D are A, no D that are A are C.
A Exercise increases blood flow
B Blood flow improves memory
C Memory improvement is measurable
D All of the above
Explanation: For the causal claim to work, all these assumptions must be true.
A R is true
B R is false
C R is unknown
D R contradicts
Explanation: The truth values of P and Q tell us nothing about R.
A All engineers are good at logic
B Some engineers may be good at logic
C No engineers are good at logic
D All who are good at logic are engineers
Explanation: We can only conclude that some engineers may be good at logic.
A Sleep is important
B Test performance measures cognitive function
C Sleep deprivation is common
D Tests are reliable
Explanation: If test performance measures cognitive function, this strengthens the causal claim.
A B is true
B B is false
C A is false
D Both A and B are true
Explanation: If A∧B→C and C is false while A is true, B must be false.
A All fruits are harmless
B Some citrus is harmless
C No citrus is harmful
D All vitamin C sources are citrus
Explanation: Since all citrus contains vitamin C and no vitamin C source is harmful, some citrus is harmless.
A Slippery slope
B Ad hominem
C Straw man
D Circular reasoning
Explanation: Assuming one exception leads to everyone wanting exceptions is a slippery slope.