A All are true
B All are false
C Alternating values
D Cannot determine
Explanation: If P is true and they form a cycle, all must be true by modus ponens.
A Mother-in-law
B Sister-in-law
C Daughter
D Mother
Explanation: A is B\'s mother, B is D\'s sister, C is D\'s father, E is C\'s wife. A is E\'s husband\'s daughter\'s mother-in-law... essentially sister-in-law.
A Slippery slope
B Ad hominem
C Straw man
D Circular reasoning
Explanation: Assuming autonomous weapons lead to humanity\'s destruction is a slippery slope.
A A is true
B E is true
C Contradiction
D A and E are false
Explanation: Equivalence means all must have the same truth value. Having exactly 2 true is impossible.
A P is true
B P is false
C P is unknown
D Q or R is false
Explanation: Q∧R→P and both Q and R true means P must be true.
A Ethics boards create guidelines
B Guidelines prevent misuse
C Misuse is preventable
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A Q is true
B R is true
C Q and R can\'t both be true
D P is false
Explanation: By modus tollens backwards, T false means S false, which means Q∧R false. Since P→Q and P true means Q true, and P→R and P true means R true, having both true contradicts Q∧R being false.
A All physicians have publications
B Some physicians may have publications
C No physicians have publications
D All publications come from physicians
Explanation: Some physicians complete competitive residencies, which require research, which produces publications.
A 5G enables IoT
B IoT improves healthcare
C We should invest in 5G
D Healthcare monitoring matters
Explanation: The recommendation to invest in 5G infrastructure is the conclusion.
A Statements 1 and 2 are true
B Statement 3 is true
C Statement 4 is true
D Cannot determine
Explanation: Since 1↔2 must have the same truth value, either both true or both false. If both false, only 2 true remain, but we need 3 true. So both must be true, and one of 3 or 4 is true.
Explanation: D is C\'s assistant, so D is lowest in hierarchy.
A Solar costs are dropping
B Fossil fuels have infrastructure advantages
C Replacement requires affordability
D Renewables are clean
Explanation: If fossil fuels have infrastructure advantages, cost alone may not determine replacement.
A All are true
B All are false
C Contradiction
D Two are true
Explanation: If all are equivalent and all are true, this is consistent.
A P is true
B Q is true
C R is true
D Contradiction
Explanation: If P∧Q→R, P∧R→Q, Q∧R→P, having exactly one true creates contradictions with the implications.
A Digital currencies are convenient
B Convenience drives adoption
C Cash is inconvenient
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A P is true
B Q is true
C R is true
D All of P-V are false
Explanation: By modus tollens backwards, W false means V, U, T, S, R, Q, and P are all false.
A A-C-D-B
B A-D-C-B
C A-C-B-D
D A-B-C-D
Explanation: A oldest, C older than D, B younger than D gives A-C-D-B.
A CRISPR edits DNA
B Precision enables cures
C Genetic diseases have DNA targets
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A All are true
B All are false
C Alternating values
D Cannot determine
Explanation: If A is true and they form a cycle, all must be true by modus ponens.
A Mother
B Step-mother
C Grandmother
D In-law
Explanation: A is married to B, C is B\'s child, D is C\'s child, E is D\'s father (C\'s ex-partner). A is E\'s step-child\'s parent... step-mother relationship through marriage.