A A logical argument
B Arrogance
C A fact
D A valid claim
Explanation: Assuming disagreement equals being wrong is an expression of arrogance.
A Contradiction
B B is true
C A is true
D Both are true
Explanation: If A is necessary for B and B is true, A must also be true. Having A false while B is true creates a contradiction.
A Plant W is a flower
B Plant W might be a flower
C Plant W is not a flower
D All sun-loving things are flowers
Explanation: Needing sunlight doesn\'t prove Plant W is a flower; many plants need sunlight.
A Current wages are unfair
B Workers deserve fair pay
C Raising minimum wage achieves fair pay
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the conclusion to follow.
A B is true
B B is false
C A is false
D B is unknown
Explanation: Equivalent statements have the same truth value. If A is true, B must be true.
A All animals need food
B Some animals need food
C No animals need food
D All food-eaters are mammals
Explanation: By chained syllogisms, since some animals are mammals and mammals need food, some animals need food.
A A scientific argument
B An appeal to antiquity
C A valid claim
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming older things are better is an appeal to antiquity.
A Contradiction
B Q is true from another cause
C P is true
D P is unknown
Explanation: P being false while Q is true means Q came from another cause, not P.
A Magazine V is a book
B Magazine V might be a book
C Magazine V is not a book
D All things with covers are books
Explanation: While books have covers, magazines are not books even though they have covers.
A Early intervention is popular
B Better performance indicates help was effective
C Children need help
D Performance matters
Explanation: If better performance indicates effective help, this strengthens the claim about early intervention.
A B is true
B B is false
C B is unknown
D A is true
Explanation: Denying the antecedent doesn\'t tell us about the consequent.
A All flying things have wings
B Some birds with wings fly
C All birds fly
D Wings cause flight
Explanation: Since some birds fly and all birds have wings, some birds with wings fly.
A Religious freedom
B Intolerance
C A logical argument
D A valid claim
Explanation: Insisting everyone believe the same thing is an expression of intolerance.
A Contradiction
B B is true
C A is false
D Both are true
Explanation: If A is necessary for B and A is true but B is false, there\'s a contradiction in the logic.
A Whale X is a fish
B Whale X might be a fish
C Whale X is not a fish
D All swimming things are fish
Explanation: While fish swim, not all swimming things are fish. Whales are mammals, not fish.
A Optimism
B Wishful thinking
C A logical argument
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming something will work simply because you want it to is wishful thinking.
A P is true
B Q is true
C P is false
D All of the above are true
Explanation: If S is false, then by modus tollens backwards, R is false, Q is false, and P is false.
A All countries have elections
B Some countries have elections
C No countries have elections
D All elections are democratic
Explanation: Since some countries are democratic and all democracies have elections, some countries have elections.
A Space exploration advances technology
B Technology advancement is valuable
C Funding enables progress
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the conclusion to be valid.
A B is true
B B is false
C A is false
D Both are true
Explanation: Contradictory statements cannot both be true. If A is true, B must be false.