A All fruits are apples
B Some apples are fruit
C No apples are fruit
D All fruit are apples
Explanation: Since some fruits are apples and all apples are fruit, some apples are fruit.
A A logical conclusion
B A hasty generalization
C A valid argument
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming someone can never be trusted because of one lie is a hasty generalization.
A P is true
B P is false
C P is unknown
D Q is true
Explanation: If P is sufficient for Q and Q is false, P must also be false.
A Vehicle Y is a car
B Vehicle Y might be a car
C Vehicle Y is not a car
D All engine-having things are cars
Explanation: Having an engine doesn\'t prove something is a car; trucks and motorcycles also have engines.
A Private schools are better
B Private school students have more resources
C Smaller classes always help
D Learning is important
Explanation: If private school students have more resources, the better results may not be due to class size.
A A is true
B A is false
C A is unknown
D B is true
Explanation: Biconditional means both must have the same truth value. If B is false, A is false.
A All animals need warmth
B Some animals need warmth
C No animals need warmth
D All warm things are reptiles
Explanation: By chained syllogisms, some animals are reptiles that need warmth.
A Free speech
B Censorship
C A democratic principle
D A logical argument
Explanation: Banning books based on offense is censorship.
A Nothing follows
B B is false
C A is false
D Both are false
Explanation: If A is necessary for B and both are true, this is consistent but nothing new follows.
A Plant Z is a flower
B Plant Z might be a flower
C Plant Z is not a flower
D All water-needing things are flowers
Explanation: Needing water doesn\'t prove Plant Z is a flower; many plants need water.
A Pollution harms health
B We should reduce emissions
C Emissions cause pollution
D Health is important
Explanation: The recommendation to reduce emissions is the conclusion supported by the premise.
A B is true
B B is false
C B is unknown
D A is false
Explanation: Independent events don\'t affect each other. A being true tells us nothing about B.
A All students study hard
B Some students who get good grades studied hard
C No students study hard
D Good grades cause studying
Explanation: Since some students get good grades and all who get good grades studied hard, some students who got good grades studied hard.
A A reliable source
B An appeal to authority
C A logical argument
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming something is true because it\'s on the internet is an appeal to unverified authority.
A Q is true
B R is true
C R is false
D Q is false
Explanation: If P→Q and P is true, then Q is true by modus ponens.
A Plant A is a rose
B Plant A is not a rose
C Plant A might be a rose
D All plants are roses
Explanation: If Plant A is not a plant, it cannot be a rose since all roses are plants.
A Fossil fuels will run out
B Renewable energy is viable
C The future matters
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the conclusion to be valid.
A B is true
B B is false
C B is unknown
D A is false
Explanation: If A is necessary and sufficient for B and A is true, B must be true.
A All animals fly
B Some animals fly
C No animals fly
D All flying things are birds
Explanation: Since some animals are birds and all birds fly, some animals fly.
A Confidence
B Arrogance
C A logical argument
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming you\'re always right and everyone should agree is arrogance.