A Suture
B Hinge joint
C Ball and socket joint
D Pivot joint
Explanation: Ball and socket joints (like the shoulder and hip) allow movement in all directions.
A Plasma
B White blood cells
C Platelets
D Hemoglobin in red blood cells
Explanation: Hemoglobin in RBCs binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it at the tissues.
A Respiration
B Transpiration
C Photosynthesis
D Fermentation
Explanation: Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO2, and water to produce glucose and oxygen.
A Xanthophyll
B Chlorophyll
C Carotene
D Anthocyanin
Explanation: Chlorophyll absorbs primarily red and blue light, reflecting green light.
A Root pressure
B Cohesion-tension theory
C Translocation
D Imbibition
Explanation: The cohesion-tension theory explains that water is pulled up by transpiration and held together by cohesion.
A Yeast
B Amoeba
C E. coli
D Paramecium
Explanation: E. coli is a bacterium, which is a prokaryote lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.
A Flagella
B Pili
C Capsule
D Nucleoid
Explanation: Pili (fimbriae) are hair-like appendages that help bacteria attach to surfaces and other cells.
A Nucleic acids
B Proteins
C Cell wall
D Cell membrane
Explanation: Penicillin inhibits transpeptidase, preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
A Neutrophil
B Erythrocyte
C Lymphocyte
D Monocyte
Explanation: Erythrocytes are red blood cells, not white blood cells.
A 500
B 2,000
C 20,000-25,000
D 100,000
Explanation: The Human Genome Project estimated approximately 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.
A Tallness in pea plants
B ABO blood group
C Color blindness
D Sickle cell anemia
Explanation: In ABO blood groups, both A and B alleles are equally expressed in type AB individuals.
A Chromosome 1
B Chromosome 21
C X chromosome
D Autosome
Explanation: Most sex-linked traits are carried on the X chromosome, which is why they affect males more.
A Measure gene expression
B Predict offspring genotypes
C Count chromosomes
D Analyze DNA sequences
Explanation: Punnett squares predict the probability of offspring genotypes from parental crosses.
A Mitosis
B Asexual reproduction
C Meiosis
D Cloning
Explanation: Meiosis introduces variation through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.
A Mutation
B Natural selection
C Genetic drift
D All of the above
Explanation: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is maintained only in the absence of all evolutionary forces.
A Golgi apparatus
B Lysosome
C Mitochondria
D Smooth ER
Explanation: Mitochondria have their own circular DNA, supporting the endosymbiotic theory of evolution.
A Gregor Mendel
B Charles Darwin
C Louis Pasteur
D Watson and Crick
Explanation: Charles Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution in On the Origin of Species.
A Convergent evolution
B Divergent evolution
C Parallel evolution
D Coevolution
Explanation: Homologous structures indicate common ancestry and divergent evolution from a shared ancestor.
A Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
B Dog breeding
C Industrial melanism
D Darwin\'s finches
Explanation: Dog breeding is human-directed artificial selection for desired traits.
A Genetic drift
B Mutation
C Natural selection
D Gene flow
Explanation: Natural selection favors individuals with traits that improve survival and reproduction.