A Epidermis
B Mesophyll
C Vascular bundle
D Cuticle
Explanation: Mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts and are the primary site of photosynthesis.
A Alanine
B Glycine
C Leucine
D Serine
Explanation: Leucine is one of the nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body.
A Deoxyribonucleic acid
B Dinitrogen acid
C Deoxynitrate acid
D Dioxyribonucleic acid
Explanation: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms.
A Mitochondria
B Ribosome
C Chloroplast
D Vacuole
Explanation: Chloroplasts are called the kitchen of the cell because they synthesize food through photosynthesis.
A Bile production
B Detoxification
C Insulin production
D Glycogen storage
Explanation: Insulin is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, not the liver.
A Neutrophil
B Eosinophil
C B-lymphocyte
D Monocyte
Explanation: B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
A A group of the same species
B Living organisms and their physical environment
C A community of plants only
D All organisms on Earth
Explanation: An ecosystem includes all living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components in an area.
A Carbon cycle
B Nitrogen cycle
C Water cycle
D Phosphorus cycle
Explanation: The phosphorus cycle occurs mainly through rock, soil, and water without a significant atmospheric phase.
A Charles Darwin
B Gregor Mendel
C Louis Pasteur
D Robert Koch
Explanation: Gregor Mendel established the fundamental laws of inheritance through his work with pea plants.
A Tuberculosis
B Malaria
C Cholera
D Hepatitis B
Explanation: Malaria is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes carrying the Plasmodium parasite.
A Transcription
B Translation
C Replication
D Transformation
Explanation: DNA replication produces an identical copy of DNA before cell division.
A Carries genetic code from DNA
B Translates mRNA to protein
C Transfers amino acids to ribosomes
D Stores genetic information
Explanation: tRNA (transfer RNA) carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
A Helicase
B Primase
C Ligase
D Polymerase
Explanation: DNA ligase seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during replication.
A HBB gene
B CFTR gene
C BRCA1 gene
D TP53 gene
Explanation: The CFTR gene codes for a chloride channel protein; its mutation causes thick mucus buildup.
A Skin color
B Height
C Roan coat color in cattle
D Tongue rolling
Explanation: In roan cattle, both red and white hairs are expressed equally, showing co-dominance.
A Chromosomal mutation
B Point mutation
C Deletion
D Insertion
Explanation: A point mutation involves a change in a single nucleotide base pair in the DNA sequence.
A Replication
B Transcription
C Translation
D Transformation
Explanation: Translation occurs at ribosomes where mRNA is decoded to build a polypeptide chain.
A Soil
B Water
C Sunlight
D Bacteria
Explanation: Bacteria are living organisms and thus biotic components of an ecosystem.
A Sexual reproduction
B Asexual reproduction
C Cross-fertilization
D Pollination
Explanation: Asexual reproduction involves a single parent and produces clones without genetic variation.
A Coal
B Petroleum
C Solar energy
D Natural gas
Explanation: Solar energy is continuously replenished and classified as a renewable resource.