A B is true
B B is false
C B is unknown
D A is false
Explanation: If A and B are equivalent and A is true, B must be true.
A All fruits grow on trees
B Some fruits grow on trees
C No fruits grow on trees
D All tree-grown things are fruits
Explanation: Since some fruits are apples and all apples grow on trees, some fruits grow on trees.
A A fact
B An age-based stereotype
C A logical conclusion
D A proven claim
Explanation: Assuming old age equals wisdom is an age-based stereotype.
A Nothing new follows
B B is false
C A is false
D Both are false
Explanation: If both necessary condition and result are true, this is consistent but nothing new follows.
A Flower Y is a rose
B Flower Y might be a rose
C Flower Y is not a rose
D All sunlight-needing things are roses
Explanation: Needing sunlight doesn\'t tell us what type of flower Y is.
A Video games are popular
B Correlation doesn\'t prove causation
C Violence is bad
D Games are entertaining
Explanation: Just because violent people play games doesn\'t mean games cause violence.
A C is true
B C is false
C C is unknown
D B is false
Explanation: By chaining modus ponens, if A→B and B→C and A is true, then B is true and C is true.
A All animals have fur
B Some animals have fur
C No animals have fur
D All furry things are mammals
Explanation: By chained syllogisms, some animals are mammals that have fur or hair.
A A logical argument
B An appeal to price
C A valid claim
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming quality based on price is an appeal to price, not a logical argument.
A P is true
B P is false
C P is unknown
D All of the above are true
Explanation: S being true doesn\'t prove P is true; the chain could be triggered by other causes.
A All students solve problems
B Some students solve problems
C No students solve problems
D All problem-solvers are students
Explanation: By chained syllogisms, some students are creative problem-solvers.
A Slippery slope
B Ad hominem
C Straw man
D Circular reasoning
Explanation: Assuming one thing leads to extreme consequences is a slippery slope fallacy.
A Contradiction
B B is true from another cause
C A is true
D Both are true
Explanation: If A is necessary and sufficient for B, they must have the same truth value. This is a contradiction.
A Penguin W is a bird
B Penguin W might be a bird
C Penguin W is not a bird
D All egg-layers are birds
Explanation: If all birds lay eggs and Penguin W lays eggs, it could be a bird. Given context, penguins are birds.
A Expertise
B An appeal to authority
C A logical argument
D A fact
Explanation: Using experience to demand agreement is an appeal to authority.
A Contradiction
B Consistent
C A is true
D B is true
Explanation: If A implies B and both are false, this is logically consistent.
A All countries protect free speech
B Some countries protect free speech
C No countries protect free speech
D All free speech protectors are democracies
Explanation: Since some countries are democratic and all democracies protect free speech, some countries protect free speech.
A A logical argument
B An appeal to tradition
C A valid claim
D A fact
Explanation: Assuming something is good because it\'s traditional is an appeal to tradition.
A Nothing follows
B B is false
C A is false
D Both are false
Explanation: If the necessary condition and result are both true, this is consistent but nothing new follows.
A Creature X is a fish
B Creature X might be a fish
C Creature X is not a fish
D All water-needing things are fish
Explanation: Needing water doesn\'t prove Creature X is a fish; many aquatic creatures need water.