A Guns are dangerous
B Other factors like poverty also cause crime
C Crime is bad
D More guns means more access
Explanation: If poverty and other factors also cause crime, gun ownership may not be the primary cause.
A A is true
B B is true
C A is false
D All of A, B, C are true
Explanation: If D is false, by modus tollens backwards, C is false, B is false, and A is false.
A All fruits grow on plants
B Some fruits grow on plants
C No fruits grow on plants
D All plant-grown things are fruits
Explanation: Since some fruits are berries and all berries grow on plants, some fruits grow on plants.
A Degrees indicate qualification
B All degrees are equal
C This person studied hard
D Degrees are necessary
Explanation: The argument assumes that having a degree automatically indicates qualification.
A Nothing new follows
B P is false
C Q is false
D Both are false
Explanation: If P implies Q and both are true, this is consistent with the implication.
A Bicycle Z is a car
B Bicycle Z might be a car
C Bicycle Z is not a car
D All wheeled things are cars
Explanation: While cars have wheels, bicycles are not cars. Having wheels is not sufficient for being a car.
A Education reduces poverty
B We should invest in schools
C Poverty is bad
D Schools provide education
Explanation: The recommendation to invest in schools is the conclusion supported by the premise.
A Some D are C
B No D are C
C Some A are C
D All D are C
Explanation: Since no B are C and some A are D where all A are B, no D that are A can be C.
A P is definitely true
B P is definitely false
C P may be true or false
D P is unknown but likely true
Explanation: S being true doesn\'t prove P is true. The chain could have been triggered by other causes.
A Social media harms mental health
B Minors are vulnerable
C Banning is effective
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions: harm exists, minors are affected, and bans work.
A A
B B
C C
D Cannot be determined
Explanation: A=B in height, C>A, so C is taller than both A and B, making C tallest.
A Some Z are Y
B No Z are W
C All X are W
D Some V are not Y
Explanation: If (1) All X are Y and (2) Some Z are X, then by syllogism, some Z are Y.
A People spend more when they have more money
B Some people save tax cuts instead of spending
C Economic stimulation is good
D Tax cuts reduce government revenue
Explanation: If people save rather than spend tax cuts, the economic stimulation effect is weakened.
A Q is true
B Contradiction
C P is false
D R is false
Explanation: P→Q means Q is true. R→¬Q means Q is false. Both P and R true creates a contradiction.
A All students studied
B Some students studied
C No students failed
D Both B and C
Explanation: Since some passed and all who passed studied, some studied. And since no one who studied failed, some didn\'t fail.
A Remote work makes employees happier
B Happier employees are more productive
C Productivity can be measured
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the causal chain to hold.
A D implies A
B A implies D
C C implies A
D B implies D
Explanation: By transitivity, A→B→C→D means A implies D.
A Some D are C
B No D are C
C All D are C
D Some C are D
Explanation: No A are B and all B are C means no A are C. Since some D are A, no D that are A are C.
A Exercise increases blood flow
B Blood flow improves memory
C Memory improvement is measurable
D All of the above
Explanation: For the causal claim to work, all these assumptions must be true.
A R is true
B R is false
C R is unknown
D R contradicts
Explanation: The truth values of P and Q tell us nothing about R.