A Reading is popular
B John reads comic books only
C Smart people read
D Books are informative
Explanation: If John only reads comic books, the type of reading may not make him smarter.
A P is true
B P is false
C Q is true
D Both P and Q are true
Explanation: By modus tollens, if P→Q and ¬Q, then ¬P.
A All birds can fly
B Some birds with feathers can fly
C Feathers enable flight
D All feathered things fly
Explanation: Since some birds fly and all birds have feathers, some birds with feathers can fly.
A Stock markets always predict the economy
B Stock market rises mean economic improvement
C The economy was bad before
D Stock markets are reliable
Explanation: The argument assumes that stock market performance indicates economic health.
A All A are C
B Some A may be C
C No A are C
D All C are A
Explanation: We can only conclude that some A may be C, not that all A are C.
A Salmon can fly
B Salmon cannot fly
C Some fish can fly
D Salmon is not a fish
Explanation: By syllogism, salmon cannot fly.
A All C are A
B All A are C
C Some C are A
D No A are C
Explanation: By syllogism, if all A are B and all B are C, then all A are C.
A A valid inference
B An age-based stereotype
C A logical conclusion
D A factual statement
Explanation: Assuming youth means lack of experience is an age-based stereotype.
A R is true
B R is false
C R is unknown
D R could be either
Explanation: For \'P and Q→R\', if Q is false, the antecedent is false. But in this case R is not necessarily true.
A All plants need sunlight
B Some plants need sunlight
C No plants need sunlight
D All sunlight comes from plants
Explanation: Since some flowers need sunlight and all plants are flowers, some plants need sunlight.
A Guns cause crime
B Bans are effective
C Crime is caused by guns
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument assumes guns cause crime, bans work, and that reducing guns reduces crime.
A B is false
B B is true
C B is unknown
D Both are false
Explanation: Knowing A is true doesn\'t tell us anything about B in an \'or\' statement.
A All cats are pets
B Some cats are pets
C Some cats may be pets
D No cats are pets
Explanation: We can only conclude that some cats may be pets, not that all or some definitely are.
A A fact
B A generalization
C A logical deduction
D A verified claim
Explanation: Attributing a trait to all rich people is a generalization without evidence.
A P↔R
B P→R
C R→P
D P and R are unrelated
Explanation: By hypothetical syllogism, P→Q and Q→R implies P→R.
A All dogs are strong
B Some dogs are strong
C No dogs are strong
D All strong animals are dogs
Explanation: Since some dogs are large and all large animals are strong, some dogs are strong.
A Fast food causes obesity
B Obesity is a health risk
C Banning fast food will reduce obesity
D All of the above
Explanation: The argument requires all these assumptions for the conclusion to be valid.
A Not A or not B
B A and B
C A or B
D Neither A nor B
Explanation: By De Morgan\'s law, ¬(A∧B) = ¬A∨¬B.
A All roses are beautiful
B Some roses may be beautiful
C No roses are beautiful
D All beautiful things are roses
Explanation: We can only say some roses may be beautiful based on the premises.
A An assumption
B A causal claim
C A definition
D A prediction
Explanation: The statement claims a cause-effect relationship between not studying and failure.