A Q is true
B Q is false
C P is false
D Both Q and R are true
Explanation: P∧Q→R and R is false means P∧Q is false. Since P is true, Q must be false.
A Quantum computing breaks encryption
B Encryption protects finances
C We must develop quantum-resistant encryption
D Quantum computing is advancing
Explanation: The recommendation to develop quantum-resistant encryption is the conclusion.
A Statements 1-5 are true
B Statements 3-7 are true
C Cannot determine which 5
D All statements are true
Explanation: Without knowing which 5 are true, we cannot determine their positions in the chain.
A A-B-C-D-E
B A-C-B-D-E
C A-B-D-C-E
D A-D-B-C-E
Explanation: A first, B between A and C, C between B and D, E last gives A-B-C-D-E.
A CRISPR can edit genes
B Sickle cell is caused by a mutation
C Correcting mutations cures diseases
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A All are true
B All are false
C Alternating values
D Cannot determine
Explanation: If P is true and they form a cycle, all must be true by modus ponens.
A Mother-in-law
B Sister-in-law
C Daughter
D Mother
Explanation: A is B\'s mother, B is D\'s sister, C is D\'s father, E is C\'s wife. A is E\'s husband\'s daughter\'s mother-in-law... essentially sister-in-law.
A Slippery slope
B Ad hominem
C Straw man
D Circular reasoning
Explanation: Assuming autonomous weapons lead to humanity\'s destruction is a slippery slope.
A A is true
B E is true
C Contradiction
D A and E are false
Explanation: Equivalence means all must have the same truth value. Having exactly 2 true is impossible.
A P is true
B P is false
C P is unknown
D Q or R is false
Explanation: Q∧R→P and both Q and R true means P must be true.
A Ethics boards create guidelines
B Guidelines prevent misuse
C Misuse is preventable
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A Q is true
B R is true
C Q and R can\'t both be true
D P is false
Explanation: By modus tollens backwards, T false means S false, which means Q∧R false. Since P→Q and P true means Q true, and P→R and P true means R true, having both true contradicts Q∧R being false.
A All physicians have publications
B Some physicians may have publications
C No physicians have publications
D All publications come from physicians
Explanation: Some physicians complete competitive residencies, which require research, which produces publications.
A 5G enables IoT
B IoT improves healthcare
C We should invest in 5G
D Healthcare monitoring matters
Explanation: The recommendation to invest in 5G infrastructure is the conclusion.
A Statements 1 and 2 are true
B Statement 3 is true
C Statement 4 is true
D Cannot determine
Explanation: Since 1↔2 must have the same truth value, either both true or both false. If both false, only 2 true remain, but we need 3 true. So both must be true, and one of 3 or 4 is true.
Explanation: D is C\'s assistant, so D is lowest in hierarchy.
A Solar costs are dropping
B Fossil fuels have infrastructure advantages
C Replacement requires affordability
D Renewables are clean
Explanation: If fossil fuels have infrastructure advantages, cost alone may not determine replacement.
A All are true
B All are false
C Contradiction
D Two are true
Explanation: If all are equivalent and all are true, this is consistent.
A P is true
B Q is true
C R is true
D Contradiction
Explanation: If P∧Q→R, P∧R→Q, Q∧R→P, having exactly one true creates contradictions with the implications.
A Digital currencies are convenient
B Convenience drives adoption
C Cash is inconvenient
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.