A P is true
B Q is true
C R is true
D All of P-V are false
Explanation: By modus tollens backwards, W false means V, U, T, S, R, Q, and P are all false.
A A-C-D-B
B A-D-C-B
C A-C-B-D
D A-B-C-D
Explanation: A oldest, C older than D, B younger than D gives A-C-D-B.
A CRISPR edits DNA
B Precision enables cures
C Genetic diseases have DNA targets
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A All are true
B All are false
C Alternating values
D Cannot determine
Explanation: If A is true and they form a cycle, all must be true by modus ponens.
A Mother
B Step-mother
C Grandmother
D In-law
Explanation: A is married to B, C is B\'s child, D is C\'s child, E is D\'s father (C\'s ex-partner). A is E\'s step-child\'s parent... step-mother relationship through marriage.
A Slippery slope
B Ad hominem
C Straw man
D Circular reasoning
Explanation: Assuming self-driving cars will eliminate all truck driving jobs is a slippery slope.
A Statements 1-4 are true
B Statements 2-5 are true
C Cannot determine
D All statements are true
Explanation: If 1 is true, all are true by the chain. If 1 is false, we need 4 true from 2-5, but 2→3→4→5 means if any earlier is true, all later are true. So the only way to have 4 true is 1-4 true and 5 false, but 4→5 means 5 would be true. Contradiction. Actually, if exactly 4 are true, the only possibility is 1-4 true, but 4→5 means 5 is true, making 5 true. Contradiction. So this is impossible.
A All professors ensure quality
B Some professors may ensure quality
C No professors ensure quality
D All quality comes from professors
Explanation: Some professors have PhDs, some PhD holders publish papers, which require peer review, which ensures quality.
A ML improves diagnostics
B Diagnostics save lives
C Hospitals should adopt ML
D ML is accurate
Explanation: The recommendation for hospitals to adopt ML tools is the conclusion.
A A is true
B F is true
C Contradiction
D A and F are false
Explanation: Equivalence means all must have the same truth value. Having exactly 3 true is impossible.
A Consistent
B Contradiction
C P is false
D Q is false
Explanation: If all three are true, the implications are satisfied: P∧Q→R (T∧T→T), P∧R→Q (T∧T→T), Q∧R→P (T∧T→T).
A Quantum computers simulate molecules
B Simulation accelerates discovery
C Drug discovery needs acceleration
D All of the above
Explanation: For the argument to hold, all these assumptions must be true.
A P is true
B P is false
C P is unknown
D All are true
Explanation: X being true doesn\'t prove P is true. The chain could have been triggered by other causes.
Explanation: The vice president is second in command after the president.
A VR is immersive
B Immersion improves learning
C Traditional education has social benefits
D VR is becoming affordable
Explanation: If traditional education provides social benefits that VR doesn\'t, immersion alone may not justify replacement.
A A is true
B B is true
C Contradiction
D E is false
Explanation: The cycle means if any one is true, all are true. Having exactly 2 true is impossible.
A All machine learning enables predictions
B Some machine learning may enable predictions
C No machine learning enables predictions
D All predictions come from machine learning
Explanation: We can only conclude that some machine learning may enable predictions.
A Blockchain ensures transparency
B Transparency reduces corruption
C Governments should use blockchain
D Corruption is bad
Explanation: The recommendation for governments to use blockchain is the conclusion.
A Statement 1 is true
B Statement 2 is true
C Statement 3 is true
D Cannot determine
Explanation: If 1 is true, all are true (3 true, contradiction). So 1 is false. If 2 is true, 3 is true (2 true). If 2 is false, only 3 could be true (1 true, contradiction). So 2 and 3 are true, 1 is false.
Explanation: A>B>C>D>E, so E is the youngest.