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Answer: Tollen\'s reagent oxidizes aldehydes but not ketones, producing a silver mirror with aldehydes.
Answer: Nitrogen in NH4+ forms four equivalent sigma bonds with hydrogen using sp3 hybridization.
Answer: Copper has an anomalous configuration [Ar] 3d10 4s1 due to the stability of a fully filled 3d subshell.
Answer: Xe in XeF4 has 8 valence electrons, uses 4 for bonding and has 2 lone pairs remaining.
Answer: Combustion of methane releases heat energy, making it an exothermic process.
Answer: Noble gases have low boiling points due to weak van der Waals forces between their atoms.
Answer: Boiling point increases with molecular weight in alkanes due to stronger van der Waals forces.
Answer: A neutral solution has equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions, giving a pH of 7.
Answer: Sn/HCl reduces the nitro group of nitrobenzene to an amino group, producing aniline.
Answer: In K2Cr2O7, 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0, solving gives x = +6 for chromium.
Answer: NH3 has three bonding pairs and one lone pair on nitrogen, giving a trigonal pyramidal shape.
Answer: N2 has all paired electrons in its molecular orbitals, making it diamagnetic.
Answer: Water has a bent shape with two lone pairs on oxygen that compress the angle to about 104.5 degrees.
Answer: Chlorine replaces hydrogen atoms in methane via a free radical substitution mechanism.
Answer: The hydroxyl group is on carbon 2 of a three-carbon chain, giving propan-2-ol.
Answer: HCl is polar without H bonded to N, O, or F, so dipole-dipole forces are dominant.
Answer: Acidified K2Cr2O7 is a mild oxidizing agent that oxidizes ethanol to ethanal under distillation.
Answer: Gold is extracted by dissolving in dilute NaCN solution (cyanide process) followed by reduction.
Answer: Boiling point increases with molecular weight in alkanes due to stronger van der Waals forces.
Answer: Concentrated H2SO4 has a strong affinity for water and is widely used as a dehydrating agent.